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Background
The goal of Universal Service is such that all computers on all physically different networks can communicate. Physical addresses allow communication between computers on one network. A new level of abstraction must be be introduced for internet communication.
IP Addresses
An IP address is the next layer of abstraction. The IP address provides virtual addressing. The address is software controlled, whereas the address for the network card is hardware based. The IP addressing scheme is quite complex, and there have been many revisions to the IP scheme.
IP Addresses (cont.)
IP addressing allows for seamless integration amongst heterogeneous networks. To send a packet, the destination address is the IP address of the computer, not the hardware address! This allows for communication across networks.
IP Addresses (cont.)
32 bits in length (IPv4) 64 bits in length (IPv6) Addresses are divided into a prefix and suffix The suffix is the host address The prefix is the network number
IP Classes
People commonly throw around terms like Class C, but it should really be termed Class C address or Class C address space. Class A: 16777216 hosts! Class B: 65536 Class C: 256
IP Class Scheme
IP Class Scheme
From the previous figure, we see that the 32-bit address is split into 4 octets. IP addresses are self identifying. If the first 4 bits of the first octet are
0xxx: Class A address 10xx: Class B address 110x: Class C address 1110: Class D address (Multicast) 1111: Class E address
Dotted Decimal
IP addresses are generally read in dotted decimal format. 0.0.0.0 through 255.255.255.255 Much better than reading: 10000001 00110100 00000110 00000000
Class A:
1 prefix octet (128 networks) 3 suffix octets (16777216 hosts) 2 prefix octets (16384 networks) 2 suffix octets (65536 hosts) 3 prefix octets (2097152 networks) 1 suffix octet (256 hosts)
Class B:
Class C:
Address Space
Address Delegation
A central authority exists for IP address delegation. In the US, its ARIN American Registry for Internet Numbers (http://www.arin.net) People just cant arbitrarily use any IP network if their network is publicly accessible! That would lead to routing conflicts.
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 (Full Class A) 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (16 Class Bs) 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 (Full Class B)
Special Addresses
Network address
Host 0 address for specific class type 16.0.0.0 is the network address for the Class A prefix of 16. 130.111.0.0 is the network address for the Class B prefix of 130.111.
A network suffix of all 1s. 16.255.255.255 is the directed broadcast address for the Class A prefix of 16. 130.111.255.255
All 1s in the entire address. Limited broadcast address is restricted to the local subnet. 255.255.255.255
Loopback addresses
Loopbacks are used for testing. An IP looback is application-level testing. Any information sent to the loopback address is never passed to the network segment. It is handled internally in the TCP/IP stack. 127.x.x.x
If a computer doesnt know what its own address is, but needs to communicate to another machine, it designates the address of 0.0.0.0 for itself. Applications include DHCP, BOOTP
IP and Routers
Weve seen from our project that routers do not necessarily have a single IP address. Commonly have 2 (or more addresses)
IP address for the LAN interface IP address for the WAN interface