Bacteria

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Prepared by :-

Mohamed Araam 6/28/12

What is

Bacteria

It is unicellular microscopic organisms widely distributed in air ,water ,soil ,the bodies of living plants ,animals , dead organic matter, still ponds , and ditches , in running steams and rivers..etc. The kinds and numbers vary from one locality to another , depending upon the environmental conditions.
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Some Bacteria are always present in certain places , the common occurrence of one or more species in particular environment is spoken of as

the flora of the environment.

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History of

Bacteria

1- Discovery of Bacteria
The existence of bacteria and other microorganisms was discovered almost 200 years. The discovery was made by Antony Van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 1731 ). He was expert in the grinding of simple magnifying lenses, which magnified about 200 times. 6/28/12

With these lenses he examined a great variety of natural objects like rain water pepper infusions ( he was trying to find out what made the pepper hot ),saliva in human mouth..etc. He described and drew some of the same types of microbes we know today. The further emphasis on microbial activities came from the work of Louis Pasteur. He studied alcoholic fermentation
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2- Louis Pasteur ( 1822 1895 )

He studied spoilage of wine due to contamination of the original juices by certain kinds of microbes, this undesirable fermentation could be prevented by heating the wine to 60oC to 65oC, this heating was sufficient to remove the contaminating organisms without affecting the quality of wine this is called pasteurization. He developed a routine for the use of carbolic acid at operations, which

3- Joseph lister ( 1827 1912 )

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4- Robert Koch ( 1843 1910 )

In 1882, he discovered the microbe of tuberculosis

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Where we can find

Bacteria

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Morphology and growth of

Bacteria

The morphology of an organism refers to the size, shape and physical feature that makes it distinctive.

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Bacterial structure

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Bacterial
Form 1-single Slender(typhoid) Rectangular(anthrax) Curved 2-Pairs called diplobacillus 3-chains called streptobacillus

shapes name size

20Mm-0.5Mm bacillus

Shape Rod

1-single 2-pairs called diplococci 3-chains called streptococci(tooth decay ) 4-eight called sarcinea 5-irragular called staphylococcus Cause of cholera

0.5Mm-1Mm

coccus

sphere

spirillum

spiral 6/28/12

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Bacterial growth

Most bacteria multiply in Avery rapid rate and produce changes in the media in a short period of time. Under a favorable conditions a single cell of E.Coli divides into 2 about every 20 mins. If the rate is maintained ,billion new cells after a period of about 10hrs,however, this rate of multiplication is not maintained, owing to 6/28/12

3 - the fact that many of the cells die.

In bacterial growth there are 4 stages. 1 Lag phase :For awhile, there is a little or no change in the number of cells because they do not begin to reproduce in anew medium right away. It may last for an hour or several days. But, during this period the cells are not dormant, there is intense in metabolic activity in the microbial populations and 6/28/12 enzyme synthesis.

2 Log phase :

The cells begin to divide and enter a period of growth. During this period, the cells are producing most actively and their generation time reach minimum and remains constant. 3 Stationary phase :If during this period number of bacteria starting to go down and sooner or later the number of microbial death balances the number of new cells , this is 6/28/12

4 Death phase :

The number of deaths begins to exceed the number of cells formed and the population enters the death phase. All of this stages take place in 24 hrs. mini.

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Nutrition of
Role

Bacteria
Element Name Carbon

Carbon is the structural backbone of living matter, it is needed for all the organic compounds that make up a living cells, one half of the dry weight of atypical bacteria cell is carbon, such as protein ,carbohydrate

Protein synthesis require a considerable amount amounts of nitrogen as well as sulfur. The synthesis of DNA and RNA also require nitrogen and some phosphorus. The synthesis of ATP ,the molecule so important for storage and transfer of chemical energy within cells Nitrogen makes up about 12% to 15% of dry weight of bacterial cell, sulfur and phosphorus together constitute another 3% Microbes required very small amounts of other minerals elements (iron , copper , molybdenum and zinc),most are essential for activity of certain enzymes.

Nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus

Trace Elements 6/28/12

Effect of Environment upon

Bacteria

Temperature Effect
Maximum Growth Temperature 30oC 40oC 55oC 60oC 90oC Optimum Growth Temperature 10oC 15oC 25oC 37oC 50oC 60oC Minimum Growth Temperature 0oC 15oC 25oC 25oC 45oC Type Of Bacteria

psychrophilic Mesophilic Thermophilic

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Minimum and Maximum growth temperature At this ranges, organisms are less active and grow and multiply more slowly. Below Minimum growth temperature, there is no growth And above Maximum growth temperature, there is no growth.

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PH effect Most bacteria are sensitive to the PH of the medium in which they are growing It is necessary to adjust the PH of the medium with great care in order to meet the exacting requirements of the various species.

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Oxygen effect
Type Aerobes

Definition

It can use atmospheric O2 directly only and in absence of O2 it will die. It can use either free or combined O2

Facultative Anaerobes

The free O2 in the air is poison to it Another substance replace O2 in the energy generating process , it can be 1. inorganic ( CO2 NO3 SO4 ) 2. Organic (Glucose ) Glucose (C6H12O6) 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

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Bacteria in soil

Depend on Type of soil. Quantity of plant and animal debris. Depth degree or aeration. Moisture content. The great majority of organisms is found in the surface layer, the number decrease with depth, owing to lack of 6/28/12 oxygen and food materials.

1. 2. 3. 4. .

Bacteria in air

Bacteria are found in air, being carried there, principally by wind current. Organisms do not grow and multiply in air because conditions are not favorable for this to occur. Number and kinds of bacteria depend on Locations (marine air contains fewer bacteria than terrestrial air). Moisture.
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1.

2.

Bacteria in water

Most water contains large numbers of bacteria. This depend on The source of water( water polluted with sewage may contain thousands or even millions of organisms/ml , under some conditions disease organisms may also present.
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1.

Bacteria in food

Foods are rarely free from living organisms, some are benefit in producing desirable fermentation such as occur in the oxidation of alcohol to vinegar and some are harmful.

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Bacteria in milk

Normal udders of cows are probably never free of bacteria , which mean that freshly drawn milk is not sterile.

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Bacteria in body

The outer surface of the skin of the body always contains bacteria . The same applied to the respiratory passages and the alimentary and intestinal tracts. These environments contain normal floras which are for most parts harmless
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