UNIT IV ADC & DAC

Block diagram showing Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Converter

Typical Examples:

Analogofto Digital led to the proliferation of digital Conversion The advancement VLSI technology
integrated circuits and systems which perform intricate signal processing in the digital domain. Compared with analog signal processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) have numerous advantages. In digital systems, the signal is quantized into discrete levels, and a finite number of digital code-words are transmitted, most of the noise and interference added to the digital signal during processing or transmission can be removed. However, in analog systems any noise added to the signal is indistinguishable from it and hence cant be removed. Therefore, analog signal processing requires accurate components with precise tolerance.

However, digital signal processing can tolerate less precise components making digital signal processors less susceptible to temperature, ageing and manufacturing tolerances. Digital systems allow more intricate signal processing and offer more extensive programmability than analog systems. This necessitates the transformation of such signals from the analog domain to the digital domain to make use of the powerful computational processing power of the digital signal processors. The digital signal then has to be transformed back to the analog domain. This transformation is done by using analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog

converters.

Block Diagram-ADC
The low-pass filter, which is known as the anti-alias filter, band-limits the analog signal so as to prevent aliasing from occurring in the sampler.

The sampler discretizes the signal in the time domain.

This is then followed by the quantizer, which is a many-to-one transformer that maps a range of the continuous signal into a discrete level.

The quantizer performs approximation to the analog signal by approximating it to one of

a finite number of discrete levels. After being quantized, the coder maps each quantized level into a binary code- word.

Block Diagram-DAC

In the digital-to-analog converter (DAC), the reverse operations to those of the analog-todigital converter, transforms the binary code into a quantized signal level. The quantizer is a many to one transformer, i.e. it maps a range of the continuous signal into

a discrete level, hence, it has no inverse equivalent in the digital-to-analog converter.

Thus, any quantization noise added to the signal is stuck to it and cant be removed by the digital-to-analog converter. Finally, a low-pass filter converts the time-discrete (sampled) signal into a continuous analog signal.

Block diagram of Digital Communication System

The signal to be transmitted is an analog signal, usually speech. This signal is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter.

The digital signal is processed by a digital signal processor, that performs

functions such as source encoding, channel encoding, time division multiplexing - for a TDMA system, and code spreading for a CDMA

system.

After digital processing the signal is converted back into the analog domain by a digital-to-analog converter.

The converted analog signal can be at base band or at IF (Intermediate

Frequency).

Further analog signal processing is performed on the analog signal by an analog signal processor.

This processing includes, frequency up conversion to the RF band, filtering, and power amplification.

The analog signal received at the receiver is processed by an analog signal processor that does low noise amplification, filtering, and frequency down conversion to IF or to base band.

The signal is then digitized and processed by a digital signal processor that despreads, demultiplexes and decodes the signal.

The digital signal is transformed back into the analog domain to get the received replica of the transmitted signal

Wireless Communication System Overview

A wireless telecommunication system conveys information, such as voice, video or data from one location to another, by converting it into an electrical signal and eventually into an electromagnetic wave. At the transmitter side, a transducer converts the information signal (which could be a sound wave for example) into an electrical signal. The signal is then coded and modulated by the transmitter, eventually it is converted into an electromagnetic wave, and transmitted over a wireless channel to the receiver.

As the signal moves across the channel it suffers different types of impairments: 1.Attenuation. 2. Multi-path propagation. 3. Shadowing. 4. Doppler frequency shift. 5. Noise. 6. Interference (co-channel and adjacent channel). 7. Nonlinear distortion.

Schematic of DAC

DAC Types:
1. Weighted Resistor type DAC

2. R 2R Ladder type DAC

3. Inverted R 2R Ladder type DAC

Weighted Resistor type DAC

Transfer Characteristics of a 3-bit DAC

Analysis:

R 2R Ladder type DAC

Consider a 3-bit as:

at node C :

R 2R Ladder type DAC for Switch positions 001

Equivalent circuit

Inverted R 2R Ladder type DAC

Inverted R 2R Ladder type DAC showing division of current for digital input word 001

Schematic of ADC
Start EOC

Analog I/p

ADC

Va

Digital O/p

VR (Reference)

Performance parameters of ADC: 1. Resolution : 2n 2. Quantization Error 3. Conversion time 4. Settling time

ADC Types:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Parallel Comparator (Flash) type ADC Counter type ADC Servo tracking type ADC Successive Approximation type ADC Dual Slope ADC

Parallel Comparator (Flash) type ADC

Comparator and its truth table:

Truth table for a flash type ADC :

Counter type ADC

D/A output staircase waveform

Servo tracking type ADC

Successive Approximation type ADC:

CONVERSION PROCESS:

SINGLE SLOPE ADC:

Dual Slope type ADC

Integrated output waveform for the Dual Slope type ADC

Comparison of ADC
Parameters Flash type Speed Fastest Accuracy Less Resolution Upto 28 I/p hold time Very less Cost Application SA type Fast Medium Upto 216 Dual Slope Slow More 216 (or) more Max. Less Not repeatedly used

Depends on No. of bits Very Costly Medium High speed Fibre Data optic communication Acquisition DSO, Systems Imaging devices

Delta Modulation - DM

Adaptive Delta Modulation - ADM

Voltage to Frequency Converter - VFC

Wide sweep multi vibrator VFC

Charge balancing VFC

Voltage to Time Converter