ALLIANZ ARENA ,GERMANY

The Allianz Arena in Munich sets a new architectural milestone in stadium design. It opened in May 2005, replacing the citys old Olympic Stadium as the new home to the football clubs Bayern Munich and TSV 1860 Munich. ARCHITECTS : ArupSport and the Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron

 It is the first stadium in the world that has a full changing colour outside. The arena facade is constructed of 2,874 ETFE-foil air panels

STADIUM SPECS
Stadium: 258 m x 227 m x 50 m Playing level: 120 m x 83 m Gross grass area: 111 m x 72 m Playing field: 105 m x 68 m Parking garage: 270,000 m Capacity: 66,000 to 69,901 spectators

BOWL GEOMETRY
The structural system for the bowl is based on multi-storey reinforced concrete sway frames with some stability provided by the eight stair and lift cores. The cantilever roof comprises steel trusses spanning up to 60m to cover the entire seating area.

GENERAL STRUCTURE
The structural elements of the stadium bowl comprise suspended floor slabs, wide and shallow floor beams, precast terraces, deep raking beams to support the tiers, columns, and large pad foundations in a variety of sizes and depths.

 The stadium was one of the venues for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The stadium will be the venue for the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final. The cost of the construction itself ran to 286 million but financing costs raised that figure to a total of 340 million.

COLOSSEUM , ROME

The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre. It is an elliptical amphitheatre in the center of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering. Capable of seating 50,000 spectators, the Colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles. As well as the gladiatorial games, other public spectacles were held there, such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.

 Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian in around 7072AD. On July 7, 2007, the Colosseum was voted as one of New Open World Corporation's New Seven Wonders of the World.

EXTERIOR STRUCTURE
The Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters long, and 156 meters, with a base area of 6 acres . The height of the outer wall is 48 meters.The perimeter originally measured 545 meters. The central arena is an oval (287 ft) long and (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating.

 The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators. Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. Outer wall of travertine stone which were set without mortar held together by 300 tons of iron clamps.

EXTERIOR STRUCTURE

INTERIOR SEATING
The Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000.

ARENA
The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters , It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum (literally meaning "underground"). The hypogeum was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables

USES
The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings. Such events were occasionally on a huge scale. It was also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story played by a condemned person was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death.